The State of our Union’s 21st Century Workforce
In his State
of the Union address, President Obama laid out an ambitious goal to train 2
million workers with the necessary skills to land a job. What are those skills in a 21st
century economy? As we have written previously
in this blog, the fields of science,
technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) play a critical role in America’s
global economic leadership and are vital to securing the highest quality jobs
of the future, to decreasing the gender wage gap, and to ensuring America
retains global economic leadership through innovation and technology. STEM & Employment
In 2010, 7.6
million people or 1 in 18 workers held STEM jobs. (Watch
this space for an update as 2011 data become available.) Although STEM employment makes up a small
fraction of total employment, STEM employment grew rapidly from 2000 to 2010,
increasing 7.9 percent while employment in non-STEM jobs grew just 2.6 percent
over this period. (See Figure 1.) The Bureau
of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects that STEM jobs will continue growing at a
fast clip relative to other occupations: 17.0 percent between 2008-2018 (BLS’
most recent projection), compared to just 9.8 percent for non-STEM jobs.STEM & Education
One of the
more striking characteristics of STEM workers is their educational
attainment. More than two-thirds (68
percent) have a college degree or more, compared to just under one-third (31
percent) of other workers age 16 and over.
Nearly one quarter (23 percent) have completed an associate’s degree or
at least some college. Just 9 percent
have a high school diploma or less. Thus
the majority of STEM workers tend to be college educated, but opportunities also
exist for STEM workers with fewer years of study.Table 1. Average hourly earnings
of full-time private wage and salary workers in STEM occupations by educational
attainment in 2010
Average hourly earnings
Difference
STEM
Non-STEM
Dollars
Percent
High school diploma or less
$24.82
$15.55
$9.27
59.6%
Some college or associate
degree
$26.63
$19.02
$7.61
40.0%
Bachelor's degree only
$35.81
$28.27
$7.54
26.7%
Graduate degree
$40.69
$36.22
$4.47
12.3%
Source: ESA calculations using Current Population
Survey public-use microdata.STEM & Gender
As we beat the
drum about the vital role of STEM in the 21st Century economy and
the highest quality quality jobs of the future, the importance of gender – specifically
of encouraging more women to move into STEM fields – cannot be overstated. As we have written previously, these jobs bring women closer to wage parity than
non-STEM fields: indeed, women with STEM jobs earn nearly one third more than
their counterparts. Yet women remain vastly underrepresented in the STEM workforce
as well as among STEM degree holders -- despite making up nearly half of the
U.S. workforce and half of the college-educated workforce. It is imperative we
seize this opportunity and expand STEM employment in the United States, for a
variety of compelling reasons not the least of which is improving our nation’s
competitiveness. A few facts about women and STEM:
- Although women
fill close to half of all jobs in the U.S. economy, they hold less than 25
percent of STEM jobs. This has been the case throughout the past decade, even
as college-educated women have increased their share of the overall workforce. - Women with STEM
jobs earned 33 percent more than comparable women in non-STEM jobs –
considerably higher than the STEM premium for men. As a result, the gender wage
gap is smaller in STEM jobs than in non-STEM jobs. - Women hold a
disproportionately low share of STEM undergraduate degrees, particularly in
engineering. - Women with a
STEM degree are less likely than their male counterparts to work in a STEM
occupation; they are more likely to work in education or healthcare.
There are many
possible factors contributing to the discrepancy of women and men in STEM jobs,
including: a lack of female role models, gender stereotyping, and less
family-friendly flexibility in the STEM fields. Regardless of the causes, the
solution is clear: to encourage and support women in STEM .
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